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(³ª) Durkheim, a French sociologist, emphasizes the importance of social facts in investigating suicide rates. Social facts here are understood as ¡®every way of acting capable of exercising an external constraint on the individual¡¯. They are ¡®external¡¯ to the individual in the following two senses. Firstly, every man is born into an on-going society which already has a definite organization or structure, and which conditions his own personality. Secondly, social facts are ¡®external¡¯ to the individual in the sense that any one individual is only a single element within the totality of relationships which constitutes a society. These relationships are not the creation of any single individual, but are constituted of multiple interactions between individuals.
There is a relationship between suicide and social integration*, a notable social fact: Suicide varies in inverse ratio* to the degree of integration of the social groups of which the individual forms a part. Thus this type of suicide may be called ¡®egoistic¡¯, and it results from a state where ¡®the individual self asserts itself to excess in the face of the social self and at its expense¡¯.
A second type of suicide springs from an anomic state of moral deregulation. Suicide rates increase markedly in times of economic depression; they also, however, increase to an equivalent degree in times of marked economic prosperity. Both sudden upward and downward changes in the economic cycle have an unsettling effect upon accustomed modes of life and can lead to an ¡®anomic suicide¡¯.
The third type, ¡®altruistic* suicide¡¯, has two sorts: ¡®obligatory¡¯ and ¡®optional¡¯. Under certain circumstances in traditional societies, an individual kills himself because he has an obligation to do so. It is called an obligatory suicide. Optional suicide is often associated in modern societies with the furtherance of definite codes of honor and prestige. Both kinds rest upon the existence of a strong collective value.
* integration: ÅëÇÕ * in inverse ratio: ¹Ýºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© * altruistic: ÀÌŸÀû
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